The new scheme is compared to a version of the scheme that uses the traditional approach for ice microphysics that is, unrimed ice/snow and graupel are separate species, with threshold-based conversion rates between the former and the latter. The size distributions of cloud droplets, drizzle/rain drops, and ice particles are represented using gamma distributions.
In this paper, the new approach is implemented in a bulk two-moment microphysical scheme representing both warm-rain and ice processes and it is applied to an idealized 2D kinematic framework mimicking a shallow mixed-phase cumulus. With some modifications, the new approach can be employed in either bin or bulk microphysical models. In traditional approaches, these processes are treated by separating ice particles into predefined categories (such as cloud ice, snow, and graupel) using fairly arbitrary thresholds and conversion rates.
This approach allows representing in a natural way the gradual transition from small to large ice particles due to growth by water vapor deposition and aggregation and from unrimed crystals to graupel due to riming. The third predicted variable is the number concentration of ice particles. The rimed mass fraction is predicted locally by separately predicting the ice mixing ratios acquired through water vapor deposition and through riming.
All ice microphysical processes and parameters are calculated in a self-consistent manner in terms of these mass–dimension and area–dimension relationships. In this approach, the ice particle mass–dimension and projected-area–dimension relationships vary as a function of particle size and rimed mass fraction. Kirit begins to doubt her world and its unassailable Laws, setting in motion a chain of events that will lead to a haunting choice, and may well change the city forever - if it isn't destroyed outright.This paper documents the development of a novel approach for representing ice microphysics in numerical models. In an attempt to save her family from greater censure, Kirit must give up her dreams to throw herself into the dangerous training at the Spire, the tallest, most forbidding tower, deep at the heart of the City.Īs she grows in knowledge and power, she starts to uncover the depths of Spire secrets. When Kirit inadvertently breaks Tower Law, the city's secretive governing body, the Singers, demand that she become one of them instead. Kirit Densira cannot wait to pass her wingtest and begin flying as a trader by her mother's side, being in service to her beloved home tower and exploring the skies beyond.
Welcome to a world of wind and bone, songs and silence, betrayal and courage. In a city of living bone rising high above the clouds, where danger hides in the wind and the ground is lost to legend, a young woman must expose a dangerous secret to save everyone she loves.
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